Elevator - Wikipedia. A set of lifts in the lower level of Borough station on the London Underground.
Northern line. Notice how the next lift is indicated with a right and left arrow by the words . An HVAC unit is on top of the car because the elevator is completely outside. An elevator (US and Canada) or lift (UK, Australia. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. In agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos.
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Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes' screw, or the chain and paddles or forks of hay elevators. Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator or lift. Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new multistory buildings, especially where wheelchair ramps would be impractical. History. 2. 12 BC) built his first elevator probably in 2.
BC. Louis XV of France had a so- called 'flying chair' built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1. The invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1. Several years later another of Kulibin's elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. Industrial era. The technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. Starting in the coal mines, by the mid- 1. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1.
London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a novel tourist attraction, which they called the . It elevated paying customers to a considerable height in the center of London, allowing them a magnificent panoramic view of downtown. The elevator was belt- driven and used a counterweight for extra power. These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators: exploiting Pascal's law, they provided a much greater force. A water pump supplied a variable level of water pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder, allowing the level of the platform (carrying a heavy load) to be raised and lowered.
Counterweights and balances were also used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus. Henry Waterman of New York is credited with inventing the . It included a light, two benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside, without any effort on the part of the occupants. Traction was controlled by a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels.
A safety system was designed to take effect if the cords broke. It consisted of a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring. In 1. 85. 2, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today.
A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic, death- defying presentation in 1.
Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems.
The Equitable Life Building completed in 1. New York City was the first office building to have passenger elevators.
The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 5. Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft. In 1. 88. 2, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed by Edward B.
It constructed a network of high- pressure mains on both sides of the Thames which, ultimately, extended to 1. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely. A 1. 94. 5 elevator operator strike in New York City, and adoption of an emergency stop button, emergency telephone, and a soothing explanatory automated voice aided adoption.
An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern- day elevator consists of a cab (also called a . In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight.
Sometimes two elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions, and are each other's counterweight. The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of elevator its name. Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to pressurize an above ground or in- ground piston to raise and lower the car (see Hydraulic elevators below). Roped hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent magnet motors, machine room- less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.
The technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic elevators are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very- high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven floors, traction elevators must be employed instead.
Hydraulic elevators are usually slower than traction elevators. Elevators are a candidate for mass customization. There are economies to be made from mass production of the components, but each building comes with its own requirements like different number of floors, dimensions of the well and usage patterns. Elevator doors. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading telescopic configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors roll on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can be configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab.
In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large . Some buildings have elevators with the single door on the shaft way, and double cascading doors on the cab. Machine room- less (MRL) elevators. The entire drive system is in the hoistway. Machine room- less elevators are designed so that most of the components fit within the shaft containing the elevator car; and a small cabinet houses the elevator controller. Other than the machinery being in the hoistway, the equipment is similar to a normal traction or hole- less hydraulic elevator.
The world's first machine room- less elevator, the Kone Mono. Space was introduced in 1. Kone. The benefits are: creates more usable spaceuse less energy (7. MRL elevatorcan operate at faster speeds than hydraulics but not normal traction units.
Detriments. Residential MRL Elevators are still not allowed by the ASME A1. US. MRL elevators have been recognized in the 2. A1. 7. 1 Elevator Code. Today, some machine room less hydraulic elevators by Otis and Thyssen. Krupp exist; they do not involve the use of a piston located underground or a machine room, mitigating environmental concerns; however, code is not yet accepting of them in all parts of the United States. They are up peak traffic, down peak traffic, lunch time (two way) traffic and interfloor traffic.
Types of hoist mechanisms. Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by . These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 3 m/s (5. Therefore, DC machines powered by an AC/DC motor generator were the preferred solution.
The MG set also typically powered the relay controller of the elevator, which has the added advantage of electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system, thus eliminating the transient power spikes in the building's electrical supply caused by the motors starting and stopping (causing lighting to dim every time the elevators are used for example), as well as interference to other electrical equipment caused by the arcing of the relay contactors in the control system. The widespread availability of variable frequency AC drives has allowed AC motors to be used universally, bringing with it the advantages of the older motor- generator, DC- based systems, without the penalties in terms of efficiency and complexity. The older MG- based installations are gradually being replaced in older buildings due to their poor energy efficiency.
Gearless traction machines are low- speed (low- RPM), high- torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC. In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 2. A brake is mounted between the motor and gearbox or between the motor and drive sheave or at the end of the drive sheave to hold the elevator stationary at a floor.
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